ベトナム語で、16 世紀までは内容語だったが現代までに文法機能語になったcủa, sự, không, bịの4 語を取り上げ、それらの語がいつ頃文法化したのかを明らかにする。16～19 世紀の各世紀から1 点ずつ文献を取り上げ、その中での各語の全用例を検討し、他の文献も参照した結果、少なくとも書かれた言語においては、属格を表すcủa（名詞「財産」から文法化）と名詞化を表すsự（名詞「こと」から）は19 世紀末以降、否定の副詞không（「空（から）の」「虚しい」「空（くう）」から）と受身や被害を表す助動詞bị（動詞「被る」から）は18 世紀後半から19 世紀前半に、それぞれ文法化されたといえることがわかった。これらのうち特にcủa とsự については、同じ用法の他の語にこれらが取って代わったのでない。属格や名詞化といった文法事項そのものが、19 世紀以降に新たに明示されるようになったのである。同様の文法化の現象は、通言語的に見られる。書記言語としての使用が稀であったベトナム語が、19 世紀に書記言語として用いられるようになったのと時期的に重なっていることから、これらの文法化現象は、ベトナム語が書記言語の形成過程の中で、高級語彙と共に文法表現も拡充し、学問や行政などでの複雑な表現の要求に堪えうる言語となっていったことも示唆している。
In Vietnamese, there are several words which have grammatical functions (called grammatical words or function words) now but were not used as grammatical words until the 16th century. Among these, we focus on four words, của, sự, không, and bị, to clarify in which period they were grammaticalized. For each century from the 16th to the 19th, we take one document. By considering all the cases in which they are used, and by referring to several other documents, it became clear that: the genitive marker của (originally a noun meaning “property”) and the nominalizer sự (originally a noun meaning “matter”, “thing”, “affair”, etc.) were grammaticalized at the end of the 19th century; the negation marker không (originally an adjective meaning “empty”etc.) and the passive marker bị (originally a verb meaning “to suffer”), were grammaticalized in the late 18th or the early 19th century. Especially, của and sự did not substitute for any other words that had genitive or nominalizing functions. Instead, genitive or nominalizing were overtly marked only after the end of 19th century. These grammaticalization processes are found across languages. Since the period of grammaticalization (the 19th century) corresponds to the period Vietnamese developed as a written language (Vietnamese was rarely used as a written language until that period), it is also implied that the Vietnamese language developed new grammatical expressions, as well as new vocabulary, that enabled writers to express modern academic or administrative matters.
内容記述
論文 Articles
雑誌名
東京大学言語学論集 = Tokyo University linguistic papers (TULIP)
巻
41
号
TULIP
ページ
367 - 392
発行年
2019-09-30
ISSN
13458663
書誌レコードID
AN10148796
著者版フラグ
publisher
出版者
東京大学大学院人文社会系研究科・文学部言語学研究室
出版者別名
Department of Linguistics, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, Faculty of Letters, The University of Tokyo
ベトナム語の機能語của, sự, không, bịの文法化過程 : 16～19世紀の文献から
ggr041021.pdf
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