{"created":"2021-03-01T06:34:02.442275+00:00","id":16763,"links":{},"metadata":{"_buckets":{"deposit":"1a1a8dfb-07b5-49df-b671-60a4d4c5d54a"},"_deposit":{"id":"16763","owners":[],"pid":{"revision_id":0,"type":"depid","value":"16763"},"status":"published"},"_oai":{"id":"oai:repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp:00016763","sets":["62:828:829:830","9:504:831:832:833"]},"item_4_biblio_info_7":{"attribute_name":"書誌情報","attribute_value_mlt":[{"bibliographicIssueDates":{"bibliographicIssueDate":"2017-02-01","bibliographicIssueDateType":"Issued"},"bibliographicIssueNumber":"3","bibliographicPageEnd":"19","bibliographicPageStart":"2","bibliographicVolumeNumber":"81","bibliographic_titles":[{"bibliographic_title":"經濟學論集"}]}]},"item_4_description_5":{"attribute_name":"抄録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"本稿では，実態としての産業経済，とくに中小中堅企業を含む戦後日本の製造業において多く観察されてきた「現場指向企業」が，現代の標準的な教科書に登場する利益最大化を目指す資本指向企業とは行動パターンを異にしていることに着目し，企業の「現場指向性」（genba-orientedness）を前提とした簡単な古典派経済学的なモデルでその特性を分析してみる．ここで現場とは付加価値を生む場所であり，地域に埋め込まれ，自らの存続と雇用維持を目指す集団的意思を持ったある種の経済主体である．したがって「現場指向企業」の目的は，利益最大化を指向する教科書的企業の場合とは異なり，①企業の一部としての自らの存続（目標マークアップ率の確保）と，②地域の一部としての雇用量の維持の２つとなる．より具体的には，実際に観察される現場指向企業の行動を抽象化する形で，製品市場と労働市場における価格と数量，すなわち財の価格（P），数量（X），賃金（W），雇用数（N），を４軸とする４象限グラフを作成し．これを「PXNWモデル」と呼ぶ．このモデルは，水平の供給曲線（フルコスト原理を伴う古典派経済学的な生産価格），右下がりの需要曲線（製品差異化を前提とした独占的競争），リカード的な労働投入係数を介したリニアな必要労働力曲線，水平の労働供給曲線，および労働投入係数を介したリニアな賃金・費用曲線が仮定される．次にこのモデルを用いて，現場指向企業が，冷戦期の価格安定状況における生産性向上・賃金向上・有効需要創出を経て，利益率と雇用数という２つの目標を同時に満たすある定常状態から別の定常状態に移行できることを示す．次に，冷戦後のグローバル競争による価格低下状況における現場指向企業も，価格低落・生産性向上・有効需要創出を経て，ある定常状態から別の定常状態に移行できることを示す．要するに，現場指向企業が，一定の利益率と雇用数の確保，及び実質賃金の向上を目指すのであれば，工程イノベーション（物的生産性の向上）と製品イノベーション（有効需要の創出）の両方を行うことが必須であることを，この古典派経済学的モデルは示唆している．すなわち，実際の戦後日本の製造企業の典型的な行動パターンをよりよく描写できているのは，教科書的な利益最大化企業のモデルよりはむしろ，一定の利益率と雇用数を同時に追求する「現場指向企業」モデルである可能性を，本稿は示している．","subitem_description_type":"Abstract"},{"subitem_description":"The present paper illustrates behavioral patterns of“ genba-oriented firms” or“ factory-oriented firms” by analyzing a simple model of classical（ Ricardian or psst-Ricardian） economics, paying a special attention to the difference between the neoclassical profit-maximizing firms and what we have observed in the real economy, particularly in small and medium size manufacturing firms（ SMEs） in post-War Japan. A“ genba,” or a manufacturing site, here, refers to a place at which value-added is generated and flowing. It may be regarded as an economic agent that is embedded in a local community and is thereby collectively committed to its own survival and stable employment of the community members. In other words, a genba-oriented firm, unlike a neoclassical profit maximizing one, is assumed to pursue two objectives at the same time:（ i） achieving a certain level of its mark-up（ i.e., profit） ratio;（ ii） maintaining a certain number of its regular employees. For a preliminary economic analysis of a genba-oriented firm, this paper proposes a four quadrant graph with four variables, price（ P）, quantity（ X）, number of employees（ N） and wage（ W）, called the PXNW model. This model assumes a horizontal（ i.e., classical） supply curve with the production price determined by full-cost principles; a decreasing demand curve that assumes product differentiation and monopolistic competition; a linear labor requirement curve that is mediated by a Ricardian labor input coefficient; a flat labor supply curve; a wage-cost curve that is mediated also by the same Ricardian labor input coefficient. By analyzing this PXNW model, we can show that, when the production prices are stable（ e.g., a normal situation during the Cold-War period）, a genba-oriented firm can move from one steadystate（ i.e., achieving both goals of the mark-up ratio and employment） to another more favorable one （i.e., with a higher real wage level） if it can improve physical labor productivities and create effective demands at the same time. Likewise, when the production prices are decreasing（ e.g., under the global competition against low-wage emerging countries during the post-Cold-War period）, a genbaoriented firm can also move from one steady-state to another more favorable one if it can improve labor productivities and create effective demands at the same time. Thus, the present classical economic model suggests that a genba-oriented firm can achieve its goals in profit ratios, employment and real wage increase, it has to carry out both process innovations （i.e., productivity increase） and product innovations（ i.e., demand creation） at the same time. This analysis indicates that a certain classical economic model may better explain what was happening in the real economy during the Cold-war and post-Cold War periods when that economy is occupied by genba-oriented firms.","subitem_description_type":"Abstract"}]},"item_4_description_6":{"attribute_name":"内容記述","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"論文/Article","subitem_description_type":"Other"}]},"item_4_identifier_registration":{"attribute_name":"ID登録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_identifier_reg_text":"10.15083/00016754","subitem_identifier_reg_type":"JaLC"}]},"item_4_publisher_20":{"attribute_name":"出版者","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_publisher":"東京大学大学院経済学研究科"}]},"item_4_source_id_10":{"attribute_name":"書誌レコードID","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"AN00070411","subitem_source_identifier_type":"NCID"}]},"item_4_source_id_8":{"attribute_name":"ISSN","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"0022-9768","subitem_source_identifier_type":"ISSN"}]},"item_4_text_21":{"attribute_name":"出版者別名","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_text_value":"Graduate School of Economics, The University of Tokyo"}]},"item_4_text_4":{"attribute_name":"著者所属","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_text_value":"東京大学大学院経済学研究科"}]},"item_creator":{"attribute_name":"著者","attribute_type":"creator","attribute_value_mlt":[{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"藤本, 隆宏"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"26609","nameIdentifierScheme":"WEKO"}]}]},"item_files":{"attribute_name":"ファイル情報","attribute_type":"file","attribute_value_mlt":[{"accessrole":"open_date","date":[{"dateType":"Available","dateValue":"2017-06-08"}],"displaytype":"detail","filename":"econ0810302.pdf","filesize":[{"value":"1.8 MB"}],"format":"application/pdf","licensetype":"license_note","mimetype":"application/pdf","url":{"label":"econ0810302.pdf","url":"https://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/record/16763/files/econ0810302.pdf"},"version_id":"0dcf62eb-1c6a-483f-8c7c-2c6541a96cc9"}]},"item_keyword":{"attribute_name":"キーワード","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_subject":"現場指向企業","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"利益率と雇用数の同時追求","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"古典派経済モデル","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"生産性向上","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"有効需要創出","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"冷戦期とポスト冷戦期","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"Genba-Oriented Firm","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"Dual Goals of Mark-Up Ratio and Employment","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"Classical Economics","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"Productivity Improvement","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"Demand Creation","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"}]},"item_language":{"attribute_name":"言語","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_language":"jpn"}]},"item_resource_type":{"attribute_name":"資源タイプ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"resourcetype":"departmental bulletin paper","resourceuri":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}]},"item_title":"現場指向企業と製品・工程イノベーション : PXNWモデルによる予備的分析","item_titles":{"attribute_name":"タイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_title":"現場指向企業と製品・工程イノベーション : PXNWモデルによる予備的分析"}]},"item_type_id":"4","owner":"1","path":["830","833"],"pubdate":{"attribute_name":"公開日","attribute_value":"2017-04-18"},"publish_date":"2017-04-18","publish_status":"0","recid":"16763","relation_version_is_last":true,"title":["現場指向企業と製品・工程イノベーション : PXNWモデルによる予備的分析"],"weko_creator_id":"1","weko_shared_id":2},"updated":"2022-12-19T03:54:29.309999+00:00"}