{"created":"2021-03-01T06:44:52.966244+00:00","id":26797,"links":{},"metadata":{"_buckets":{"deposit":"d956cd39-7fab-4ebb-b4fd-7fd272832819"},"_deposit":{"id":"26797","owners":[],"pid":{"revision_id":0,"type":"depid","value":"26797"},"status":"published"},"_oai":{"id":"oai:repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp:00026797","sets":["46:2942:2943","9:504:2944:2945"]},"item_4_alternative_title_1":{"attribute_name":"その他のタイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_alternative_title":"Discourses of Civilization and Culture in the Co-Construction of the Nation-State, Chinese, and Japanese Empires : Towards a Conceptual Framework for the Study of Colonial Policy in Taiwan and Korea"}]},"item_4_biblio_info_7":{"attribute_name":"書誌情報","attribute_value_mlt":[{"bibliographicIssueDates":{"bibliographicIssueDate":"2017-03","bibliographicIssueDateType":"Issued"},"bibliographicPageEnd":"112","bibliographicPageStart":"57","bibliographicVolumeNumber":"171","bibliographic_titles":[{"bibliographic_title":"東洋文化研究所紀要 = The memoirs of Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia"}]}]},"item_4_description_5":{"attribute_name":"抄録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"This paper is the first installment of a serial article that interrogates the dynamic co-construction between discourses of civilization and culture on the one hand and those of empire and colony on the other, and its specific manifestations in imperial Japan with a focus on colonial Taiwan and Korea. Accordingly the serial article has two major parts, of which the present paper is the first half of Part I. The article as a whole aims to extend our understanding of imperial thought and colonial policy in East Asia in the core region where sinographic or kanji writing had been deeply embedded. Part I examines three imperial formations in their correlation with ideas of civilization and culture: that in the age of the nation-state as conceptualized as nation-empire (Chapter 1), and those of the Chinese and Japanese empires (Chapters 2 and 3, respectively). Part II takes a close look at how synthesis of these discursive formations affected and was reflected in the actual workings of colonial policy in Taiwan and Korea under Japanese rule. A close and careful reading of historical documents from imperial Japan’s colonial archive leads to a reassessment of the semantic fields of civilization and culture, which are often radically divergent from our common usages of these terms. Yet that divergence has passed into the existing literature largely unexplored. The notion of bun (Ch: wen, Kr: mun) fatefully bound civilization and culture together in the East Asian lexicon, thus hindering the latter particularistic idea’s conceptual independence from the former universalistic idea, a process that was initially fostered in nineteenth-century romantic thought. Moreover, while culture implies difference, whether regarded as essentially manifest or actively constructed, its translated equivalent in kanji bunka (wenhua, munhwa) was often closely associated with quite the opposite in dominant discourse: dōka (tonghua, tonghwa) or assimilation, as well as kōka (huanghua, hwanghwa) or imperialization and imperial subjectification. This remarkable play on signifiers owes much to the three terms’ visual affinity across languages in kanji writing̶a regionwide affinity lost in translation̶and to their phonetic rhyming, both centered on the traditional notion of ka (hua, hwa) or transforming people̶more specifically, barbarians̶in the sinographic world. Empire, meanwhile, circulated as teikoku (diguo, cheguk), lit. the emperor’s country, via Dutch \"keizerrijk\" with its correspondence to German \"Kaiserreich\" in nineteenth-century East Asia, and was also assigned new connotations through sinographic re-signification. Importantly, armed with the bun/wen/munderived lexical family at its core, the neologism of teikoku would eventually negate itself in the contradictory rhetoric of anti-imperialist imperialism, anticolonialist colonialism, and anti-racist racism that was set against its Western counterparts. First articulated in prewar Japan, such rhetoric lingered on in other parts of East Asia and has continued to be heard ever since. Methodologically attuned to the workings of re-signifying play in sinographic discursive fields that affect real power relations, this serial article explores the complex ways in which translated notions of civilization, culture, and empire together generated a dominant discourse that served to justify the realities of colonial domination, at the same time that ideals of civilization and culture enabled colonized people to problematize such realities. This present paper contains Chapter 1 and the first half of Chapter 2. Chapter 1 examines a discursive formation built upon ideas of civilization and culture in their co-construction of modern imperium in the age of the nation-state. The two notions constituted a coordinate system representing complementary enlightenment ideals, namely, equality and universality on the vertical axis, and difference and autonomy on the horizontal̶both of which were supposed to be contradictory to imperial polity that neglected such ideals on the part of the colonized. Accordingly this chapter looks at how these two ideas betrayed their post-imperial promises and justified and even facilitated the formation of \"nationempires\" worldwide purportedly to mark the highest point in human history, while also prompting colonized peoples to grapple with the huge gap between rhetoric and reality as the same ideas were perceived to refer to yet-to-be accomplished dreams in colonial settings. Chapter 2 turns to a close examination of a radically different discursive formation based upon the notions of tianxia (Kr: ch’ŏnha, Jp. tenka, All-Under- Heaven) and zhongguo (chungguk, chūgoku, Middle-Kingdom)̶notions more than two millennia old in the sinographic world̶in their coordination with the similarly ancient idea of the aforesaid wen (mun, bun) and the composite notion of wende (muntŏk, buntoku) formed when coupled with de (tŏk, toku) or divine imperial virtue. Initially mobilized by each of the self-appointed kings in the Warring States period for claiming the legitimacy and centrality of his reign over other claimants who were all in turn denounced as siyi, lit. barbarians on four sides, tianxia and zhongguo had become tied inseparably to the principle of unity since the establishment of the Qin and Han dynasties̶later translated as first \"empires.\" Accordingly dayitong or great unification came to be understood as the workings of the emperor’s civilizing or cultural virtue (wende), which transformed (hua) the surrounding barbarians so that they would \"actively submit\" to his mandate of heaven. Hence such a commanding virtue embraced, rather than excluded, and ultimately assimilated surrounding peoples regardless of their racial or ethnic attributes. Under such a heavenly order, which was fostered in the name of tongwen or the same script, namely the sinogram, and substantiated through bureaucratic operations built on that script, subordinate siyi were meanwhile allowed space for diverse interpretations with regard to their relationship with the self-anointed center. In this homographic heterosemia, the very presence and inclusion of siyi was indispensable to the identity of zhongguo. And thus emerged a type of soft despotism, which was characterized by a logical conjunction, not contradiction, between strict centrality and hierarchy on the one hand and substantive autonomy and diversity on the other, provided that the latter remained harmonized with and thus safely subsumed in the former.","subitem_description_type":"Abstract"}]},"item_4_full_name_3":{"attribute_name":"著者別名","attribute_value_mlt":[{"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"59038","nameIdentifierScheme":"WEKO"}],"names":[{"name":"Yamauchi, Fumitaka"}]}]},"item_4_identifier_registration":{"attribute_name":"ID登録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_identifier_reg_text":"10.15083/00026788","subitem_identifier_reg_type":"JaLC"}]},"item_4_publisher_20":{"attribute_name":"出版者","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_publisher":"東京大学東洋文化研究所"}]},"item_4_source_id_10":{"attribute_name":"書誌レコードID","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"AN00170926","subitem_source_identifier_type":"NCID"}]},"item_4_source_id_8":{"attribute_name":"ISSN","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"05638089","subitem_source_identifier_type":"ISSN"}]},"item_4_text_21":{"attribute_name":"出版者別名","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_text_value":"Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, The University of Tokyo"}]},"item_creator":{"attribute_name":"著者","attribute_type":"creator","attribute_value_mlt":[{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"山内, 文登"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"59037","nameIdentifierScheme":"WEKO"}]}]},"item_files":{"attribute_name":"ファイル情報","attribute_type":"file","attribute_value_mlt":[{"accessrole":"open_date","date":[{"dateType":"Available","dateValue":"2017-06-12"}],"displaytype":"detail","filename":"ioc171003.pdf","filesize":[{"value":"806.3 kB"}],"format":"application/pdf","licensetype":"license_note","mimetype":"application/pdf","url":{"label":"ioc171003.pdf","url":"https://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/record/26797/files/ioc171003.pdf"},"version_id":"6ada5e2e-6fc6-4c7c-a6ff-71a99b929c66"}]},"item_language":{"attribute_name":"言語","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_language":"jpn"}]},"item_resource_type":{"attribute_name":"資源タイプ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"resourcetype":"departmental bulletin paper","resourceuri":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}]},"item_title":"文明・文化言説と国民帝国・中華帝国・日本帝国 : 台湾・朝鮮の植民政策研究の理論的前進のために（１）","item_titles":{"attribute_name":"タイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_title":"文明・文化言説と国民帝国・中華帝国・日本帝国 : 台湾・朝鮮の植民政策研究の理論的前進のために（１）"}]},"item_type_id":"4","owner":"1","path":["2943","2945"],"pubdate":{"attribute_name":"公開日","attribute_value":"2017-04-14"},"publish_date":"2017-04-14","publish_status":"0","recid":"26797","relation_version_is_last":true,"title":["文明・文化言説と国民帝国・中華帝国・日本帝国 : 台湾・朝鮮の植民政策研究の理論的前進のために（１）"],"weko_creator_id":"1","weko_shared_id":null},"updated":"2022-12-19T04:04:31.200613+00:00"}