{"created":"2021-03-01T06:56:29.255646+00:00","id":37269,"links":{},"metadata":{"_buckets":{"deposit":"e36acd7e-5e02-44d0-adbe-050e9253c14c"},"_deposit":{"id":"37269","owners":[],"pid":{"revision_id":0,"type":"depid","value":"37269"},"status":"published"},"_oai":{"id":"oai:repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp:00037269","sets":["43:5787:5788:5808","9:504:5790:5809"]},"item_4_alternative_title_1":{"attribute_name":"その他のタイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_alternative_title":"Human Nature in Mark Twain's What is Man? and William Dean Howells's The Traveler from Altruria"}]},"item_4_biblio_info_7":{"attribute_name":"書誌情報","attribute_value_mlt":[{"bibliographicIssueDates":{"bibliographicIssueDate":"2004-03","bibliographicIssueDateType":"Issued"},"bibliographicPageEnd":"110","bibliographicPageStart":"95","bibliographicVolumeNumber":"4","bibliographic_titles":[{"bibliographic_title":"アメリカ太平洋研究 = Pacific and American studies"}]}]},"item_4_description_13":{"attribute_name":"フォーマット","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"application/pdf","subitem_description_type":"Other"}]},"item_4_description_5":{"attribute_name":"抄録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"In this essay, I read Mark Twain's What is Man? and William Dean Howells's The Traveler from Altruria in a mutually illuminating manner. The former being written in the form of a pseudo-philosophical polemic and the latter in the form of a utopian novel, they both represent generic aberrations in the literary careers of the two major realist writers who together helped launch American literary realism in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. From the l890s onward, the two aging novelists were increasingly veering away from literary realism, upon which they had built their reputation and financial success, and this process of radicalization found its clearest expression in What Is Man? and The Traveler from Altruria. In What is Man?, borrowing from social sciences and moral philosophy discourses on \"\"human nature\"\" then prevalent in Western cultures, Mark Twain adopts a Darwinian/utilitarian view of human beings as amoral machines that always calculate maximization of self-interest and seek the mastery over others. This crude caricature of what constitutes \"\"human nature\"\" is mirrored and counterbalanced by an altruistic portraiture of humankind which William Dean Howells presents in his utopian novel. Diametrically opposed to Twain's extreme pessimism is Howells's unrealistically rosy theory that cooperation and self-sacrifice are innate components of human instinct. I suggest that these two grotesquely distorted theories on society and human nature not be taken at their face value. They are symptomatic expressions of the two novelists'deeply subjective assessment that their projects of literary realism proved a failure, this sense of disillusionment being compounded by their ever-alert social consciousness that fin-de-siecle American society, as characterized by nascent consumerism, class polarization, and rapid urbanization, required a correspondingly new form of literary realism, something that they knew they could neither reinvent nor participate in.","subitem_description_type":"Abstract"}]},"item_4_full_name_3":{"attribute_name":"著者別名","attribute_value_mlt":[{"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"136359","nameIdentifierScheme":"WEKO"}],"names":[{"name":"Takayoshi, Ichiro"}]}]},"item_4_identifier_registration":{"attribute_name":"ID登録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_identifier_reg_text":"10.15083/00037260","subitem_identifier_reg_type":"JaLC"}]},"item_4_publisher_20":{"attribute_name":"出版者","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_publisher":"東京大学大学院総合文化研究科附属アメリカ太平洋地域研究センター"}]},"item_4_source_id_10":{"attribute_name":"書誌レコードID","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"AA11562201","subitem_source_identifier_type":"NCID"}]},"item_4_source_id_8":{"attribute_name":"ISSN","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"13462989","subitem_source_identifier_type":"ISSN"}]},"item_4_subject_15":{"attribute_name":"日本十進分類法","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_subject":"312.9","subitem_subject_scheme":"NDC"}]},"item_4_text_21":{"attribute_name":"出版者別名","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_text_value":"Center for Pacific and American Studies of The University of Tokyo"}]},"item_4_text_4":{"attribute_name":"著者所属","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_text_value":"東京大学（院）"}]},"item_creator":{"attribute_name":"著者","attribute_type":"creator","attribute_value_mlt":[{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"高吉, 一郎"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"136358","nameIdentifierScheme":"WEKO"}]}]},"item_files":{"attribute_name":"ファイル情報","attribute_type":"file","attribute_value_mlt":[{"accessrole":"open_date","date":[{"dateType":"Available","dateValue":"2017-06-27"}],"displaytype":"detail","filename":"atk004009.pdf","filesize":[{"value":"1.4 MB"}],"format":"application/pdf","licensetype":"license_note","mimetype":"application/pdf","url":{"label":"atk004009.pdf","url":"https://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/record/37269/files/atk004009.pdf"},"version_id":"d4da5272-a24b-4553-bcd4-0a82b594e287"}]},"item_language":{"attribute_name":"言語","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_language":"jpn"}]},"item_resource_type":{"attribute_name":"資源タイプ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"resourcetype":"departmental bulletin paper","resourceuri":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}]},"item_title":"ウィリアム・ディーン・ハウエルズ : 『アルトゥルリアからきた旅人』とマーク・トウェイン『人間とはなにか』における人間の条件","item_titles":{"attribute_name":"タイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_title":"ウィリアム・ディーン・ハウエルズ : 『アルトゥルリアからきた旅人』とマーク・トウェイン『人間とはなにか』における人間の条件"}]},"item_type_id":"4","owner":"1","path":["5809","5808"],"pubdate":{"attribute_name":"公開日","attribute_value":"2010-03-16"},"publish_date":"2010-03-16","publish_status":"0","recid":"37269","relation_version_is_last":true,"title":["ウィリアム・ディーン・ハウエルズ : 『アルトゥルリアからきた旅人』とマーク・トウェイン『人間とはなにか』における人間の条件"],"weko_creator_id":"1","weko_shared_id":null},"updated":"2022-12-19T04:11:56.913740+00:00"}