{"created":"2021-03-01T06:56:32.269107+00:00","id":37313,"links":{},"metadata":{"_buckets":{"deposit":"d831fd31-14fb-4078-aabf-4457f6b020bd"},"_deposit":{"id":"37313","owners":[],"pid":{"revision_id":0,"type":"depid","value":"37313"},"status":"published"},"_oai":{"id":"oai:repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp:00037313","sets":["43:5787:5788:5814","9:504:5790:5815"]},"item_4_biblio_info_7":{"attribute_name":"書誌情報","attribute_value_mlt":[{"bibliographicIssueDates":{"bibliographicIssueDate":"2001-03","bibliographicIssueDateType":"Issued"},"bibliographicPageEnd":"194","bibliographicPageStart":"173","bibliographicVolumeNumber":"1","bibliographic_titles":[{"bibliographic_title":"アメリカ太平洋研究 = Pacific and American studies"}]}]},"item_4_description_13":{"attribute_name":"フォーマット","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"application/pdf","subitem_description_type":"Other"}]},"item_4_description_5":{"attribute_name":"抄録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"Ever since the first and last invasion of Australia in 1788 the country has been oriented to-wards overseas. Early invasion fear was focused on European powers during the Napoleonic Wars. In the era of the New Imperialism this fear was then compounded by the other side of such aspirations, fear of conflict and Social Darwinist conceptions of a coming war between rising nations which were equated with races. As a result loyalty to a great power would be the cornerstone of Australian foreign policy and in some aspects of Australian life. In culture, its reflection would be visits to and from the courts of the great imperial powers overseas. Australia has been, in one view, lucky to have been the colony, and then the client state, of the two great strategic and economic powers of the 19th and 20th century world systems, Britain and the USA. In a contrasting assessment, such a dependent orientation has major costs as well as benefits. In economics this means truncated industrial development. In security and defence, there have been the \"\"down payments\"\" on the \"\"insurance policy\"\" counted in casualties in major wars and colonial frontier wars. This has meant two other costs: one, the irradiated legacy of British nuclear testing; and, two, American intelligence and strategic positioning bases which may have put the 'lucky country'on the map in any future nuclear war. Finally, loyal allies are praised for their loyalty but have little influence on policy their \"\"special relationship\"\" is but one of several and the national interests of the great power will be the final determinants of action, whatever the ink on the treaties says. In recent decades Australia has given up the fears of military invasion and assumptions regarding the population, space and racial imperatives of any would be invader. Both because of, and aside from, the Cold War it has become interested in its region: in trade with and security arrangements, both in South East Asia and North East Asia. It has also begun to forge more independent policies in trade, foreign policy and defence, in foreign policy, at times aspiring to the ideal role of the 'honest broker'associated with countries which see themselves as middling powers. A country which led in the early years of the United Nations, supported Indonesian decolonization in the 1940s and helped shape the Colombo Plan in the 1950s has again begun to play a creative role. It has sought to influence Cambodian and East Timor developments in the 1990, been a leader of the Cairns Group of commodity exporting nations and, with Japan, was an initiator of APEC. However, its initiatives still take account of the continuing American cornerstone of its security policies. Australia's reorientations have been made possible by increased population size, affluence and technological sophistication, and by multicultural diversity of population. They have brought a new confidence to Australia, fundamentally reinforced by a new willingness to come to terms with its land and its Aboriginal people, and as a result with its region. As elsewhere in the developed world, these changes, combined with economic restructuring on the American/global free market model, have had a less positive legacy, popular disillusionment with politics and with politicians. Australia has achieved the 19th century goal of \"\"A Nation for a Continent\"\" with relatively abundant resources for its small population of around 20 million, and the world's oldest tradition of peaceful democracy. As a result, it might look to the 21st century with confidence. However, Australia is still troubled by being outside of all the major trading blocs. In defence, isolation is an advantage: while few countries in the world are easier to attack no country is harder to successfully invade. How will Australia develop in the 21st century? Will it become an independent republic, a globalized society and an Asian country (or all three)? How will its international orientations adjust to a future in which American dominance might retreat? To understand the present and future of Australian international orientations we need to appreciate the patterns of the last two century and the evolving changes of recent decades as Australia finds its place in the Asia-Pacific region.","subitem_description_type":"Abstract"}]},"item_4_identifier_registration":{"attribute_name":"ID登録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_identifier_reg_text":"10.15083/00037304","subitem_identifier_reg_type":"JaLC"}]},"item_4_publisher_20":{"attribute_name":"出版者","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_publisher":"東京大学大学院総合文化研究科附属アメリカ太平洋地域研究センター"}]},"item_4_source_id_10":{"attribute_name":"書誌レコードID","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"AA11562201","subitem_source_identifier_type":"NCID"}]},"item_4_source_id_8":{"attribute_name":"ISSN","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"13462989","subitem_source_identifier_type":"ISSN"}]},"item_4_subject_15":{"attribute_name":"日本十進分類法","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_subject":"312.9","subitem_subject_scheme":"NDC"}]},"item_4_text_21":{"attribute_name":"出版者別名","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_text_value":"Center for Pacific and American Studies of The University of Tokyo"}]},"item_4_text_4":{"attribute_name":"著者所属","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_text_value":"東京大学"},{"subitem_text_value":"Deakin University"}]},"item_creator":{"attribute_name":"著者","attribute_type":"creator","attribute_value_mlt":[{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"Alomes, Stephen"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"136425","nameIdentifierScheme":"WEKO"}]}]},"item_files":{"attribute_name":"ファイル情報","attribute_type":"file","attribute_value_mlt":[{"accessrole":"open_date","date":[{"dateType":"Available","dateValue":"2017-06-27"}],"displaytype":"detail","filename":"atk001013.pdf","filesize":[{"value":"1.9 MB"}],"format":"application/pdf","licensetype":"license_note","mimetype":"application/pdf","url":{"label":"atk001013.pdf","url":"https://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/record/37313/files/atk001013.pdf"},"version_id":"10a8b233-98c1-462a-9aa0-5b13974058c3"}]},"item_language":{"attribute_name":"言語","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_language":"eng"}]},"item_resource_type":{"attribute_name":"資源タイプ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"resourcetype":"departmental bulletin paper","resourceuri":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}]},"item_title":"Australian Patterns : Cultural and Historical Influences in Australia's International Orientations","item_titles":{"attribute_name":"タイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_title":"Australian Patterns : Cultural and Historical Influences in Australia's International Orientations"}]},"item_type_id":"4","owner":"1","path":["5815","5814"],"pubdate":{"attribute_name":"公開日","attribute_value":"2010-03-16"},"publish_date":"2010-03-16","publish_status":"0","recid":"37313","relation_version_is_last":true,"title":["Australian Patterns : Cultural and Historical Influences in Australia's International Orientations"],"weko_creator_id":"1","weko_shared_id":null},"updated":"2022-12-19T04:11:58.729917+00:00"}