{"created":"2021-03-01T06:20:58.369405+00:00","id":4308,"links":{},"metadata":{"_buckets":{"deposit":"9802f77a-69bb-474a-afb0-c07924499413"},"_deposit":{"id":"4308","owners":[],"pid":{"revision_id":0,"type":"depid","value":"4308"},"status":"published"},"_oai":{"id":"oai:repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp:00004308","sets":["27:284:285","9:233:280"]},"item_7_alternative_title_1":{"attribute_name":"その他のタイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_alternative_title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Nutrient-Stress Adaptation in Arabidopsis thaliana"}]},"item_7_biblio_info_7":{"attribute_name":"書誌情報","attribute_value_mlt":[{"bibliographicIssueDates":{"bibliographicIssueDate":"2008-03-24","bibliographicIssueDateType":"Issued"},"bibliographic_titles":[{}]}]},"item_7_date_granted_25":{"attribute_name":"学位授与年月日","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_dategranted":"2008-03-24"}]},"item_7_degree_grantor_23":{"attribute_name":"学位授与機関","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_degreegrantor":[{"subitem_degreegrantor_name":"University of Tokyo (東京大学)"}]}]},"item_7_degree_name_20":{"attribute_name":"学位名","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_degreename":"博士(農学)"}]},"item_7_description_5":{"attribute_name":"抄録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"In this thesis I describe analyses on plant response and tolerance to nutrient deficiency in model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.There are seventeen essential elements for plant growth and reproduction (Cakmak and Romheld 1997). Among them, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are often added to fields as fertilizers to improve crop production. This means these major nutrients are deficient in many soils. Some other nutrients (minor nutrients) are also deficient in soils, and cause agricultural problems around the world. Diverse methods have been adopted by researchers to reveal genetic mechanisms for response and tolerance to nutrient deficiency. Straight-forward screening of deficiency-sensitive loss-of-function mutants was only successful in restricted numbers of studies, including identification of LKS1 which regulates a potassium transporter AKT1 (Xu et al. 2006). There are also reports on identification of nutrient transporters with the use of toxic analogs, for example identification of sulfate transporter SULTR1;2 from selenate-tolerant mutants (Shibagaki et al. 2002) and identification of silicon transporters OsLsi1 and OsLsi2 from germanium-tolerant mutants (Ma et al. 2002, Ma et al. 2006, Ma et al. 2007).Induction of expression by nutrient deficiency is also a cue to identify genes. OsPTF1, a transcription factor which improves rice growth under phosphorus deficiency, was identified from its induction by phosphorus deficiency (Yi et al. 2005) and a boron transporter NIP5;1 was identified from its induction by boron deficiency (Takano et al. 2006). Several other methods were taken to identify various genes involved in the tolerance to nutrient deficiency (for only a small part of examples, Hirsch et al. 1998, Hamburger et al. 2002).In this study, I aimed to reveal novel genetic mechanisms that improve plant tolerance to nutrient deficiency. As described above, there have been several strategies to take for this goal, and I took the same ways (chapters 1,3,4) or I also tried a novel method (chapters 5,6) in this study. In chapter 2, I established a novel high-throughput method to accelerate genetic studies. Although these extensive trials did not identify genes that improve plant tolerance to nutrient deficiency, I identified several novel aspects of plant response to nutrient deficiency. Most importantly, recent results indicate novel methods to improve plant tolerance to nutrient deficiency through modification of functionally characterized genes.Chapter 1. The BIG gene is involved in regulation of sulfur deficiency-responsive genes in Arabidopsis thalianaasr1 is one of the low-sulfur response mutants isolated by Dr. Naoko Ohkama-Ohtsu. Expression of green fluorescence protein gene driven by a low-sulfur responsive promoter is upregulated in this mutant. After collaboratory map-based cloning, nonsense mutations were identified in the BIG gene locus in both two alleles. Low-sulfur response was also upregulated in other big alleles. To know the factor which upregulate low-sulfur response in big mutants, indole-3-acetic acid and an auxin transport inhibitor was applied to plants, because disturbed auxin transport is the most important effect know to be caused by big mutation. These two chemicals induced low-sulfur responses in Arabidopsis, although in some different pattern from those observed in big mutants. Thus we concluded that the BIG gene affects low-sulfur response independently of auxin metabolism.Chapter 2. A protocol for rapid DNA extraction from Arabidopsis thaliana for PCR analysisDNA extraction protocols from Arabidopsis required several steps, such as boiling, ethanol precipitation, or drying in vacuum. A number of simplified and rapid protocols of DNA extraction for Arabidopsis have been reported, however, they still required several steps. Here I established a novel one-step DNA extraction protocol for uses in polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Based on several rapid protocols, I tested several conditions. Among them, a buffer which is a dilution of a former extraction buffer (Edwards et al. 1991) successfully extracted DNA in one-step. The DNA solutions were successfully analyzed for detection of polymorphisms between Arabidopsis accessions or detection of T-DNA insertion (performed by Ms. Yoko Ide) by PCR. Other rapid one-step protocols are also reported by other research group (Berendzen et al. 2005). These protocols are suitable for saving time, labor, and cost of DNA extraction from Arabidopsis.Chapter 3. Identification of novel Arabidopsis thaliana genes which are induced by high levels of boronIn tobacco BY-2 cultured cells, several genes induced by boron deficiency are reported (Kobayashi et al. 2004). In Arabidopsis, NIP5;1 was the only gene which was known to be induced by boron deficiency. NIP5;1 is a boron channel which rescues plant growth under boron deficiency (Takano et al. 2006). To know the transcriptome-level regulation of gene expressions by boron deficiency and boron toxicity, transcriptome analysis was performed in Arabidopsis. Among ~12,000 genes detected in this analysis, NIP5;1 was the only gene whose expression was induced only by boron deficiency more than 2.5-fold, indicating specific mechanism for regulation of NIP5;1 gene expression by boron deficiency. In this analysis several genes whose expressions are induced only by boron toxicity were also identified. This is the first identification of high-boron induced genes.Chapter 4. Regulation of gene expression by boron deficiency around root tip of Arabidopsis thaliana and involvement of WRKY6 in regulationTo know the functions of high/low-boron responsive genes identified in chapter 3, mutants which possess T-DNA insertions in the exons of the induced genes were selected. These mutants were analyzed for tolerance to high/low-boron. Mutant designated as wrky6-3 showed reproducible but not stable phenotype. Root elongation of wrky6-3 was sometimes worse than wild-type under boron deficiency. Promoter activity of the WRKY6 gene was constantly induced near the root tip under boron deficiency. WRKY6 is a transcription factor. To know the effect of WRKY6 on gene expressions under boron deficiency, another transcriptome analysis was performed around root tip. Many genes were induced by boron deficiency around root tip after a long-term boron deficiency. Inductions of some of these genes were inhibited in wrky6-3 mutant, showing involvement of WRKY6 in regulation of gene expressions by boron deficiency.Chapter 5. Screening of Arabidopsis thaliana gain-of-function mutants under nutrient deficiencyScreening of loss-of-function mutants like ethylmethanesulfonate-mutagenized lines has been applied to screenings for genes functioning in tolerance to nutrient deficiency, although only restricted numbers of successful screenings are found (ex. Xu et al. 2006). This will be partially because naturally smaller mutants also appear in the screening and it is hard to distinguish sensitive individuals to nutrient deficiency from naturally smaller mutants. We should also be aware that a gene which functions for tolerance to nutrient deficiency does not necessarily improve growth when ectopically overexpressed. Screening of gain-of-function mutants may be an effective alternative. In this chapter, screening of gain-of-function mutants was performed under nutrient deficiency for the first time. After screening ~450,000 plants, although, no obviously tolerant line was identified. Because control genes such as LKS1 (Xu et al. 2006) and BOR1 (Miwa et al. 2006), which improve tolerance to potassium deficiency and boron deficiency, were also not recovered in the screening, the number of plants was not enough in the screening. Developments of high-throughput screening conditions are waited for for completion of the screening. In FOX lines, position effect will reduce screening efficiency. Introduction of sea urchin insulator sequence upstream of 35S promoter in FOX lines may improve screening. On the other hand, several larger lines in size were recovered in the screening. Because properties of cell ploidy were not largely different between mutants and wild-type, a novel mechanism will improve sizes of these mutants.Chapter 6. Differential regulation of root architecture in autotetraploid Arabidopsis thaliana under boron deficiencyIn the screening performed in chapter 5, three long-root mutants under boron deficiency were isolated. Morphology of one of these mutants, designated as A152B, was similar to tetraploid, such as bigger seeds, bigger flowers, and bigger pollens. To confirm ploidy, cell ploidy was measured in wild-type and A152B. The peak for nuclei containing two sets of chromosomes existent in wild-type was not observed in A152B. Thus A152B was autotetraploid. Root elongation of other autotetraploid lines obtained from stock center was also improved under boron deficiency. Fresh weights of both root and shoot were heavier in tetraploid or triploid under normal condition. Because proportion of fresh weights between diploid and polyploids was not largely altered under boron deficiency, polyploids are not tolerant to boron deficiency but are differentially regulated in their root morphology under boron deficiency. Elongation of root cells is inhibited under boron deficiency. This inhibition was milder in tetraploid, which causes improved root elongation under boron deficiency.DiscussionIn this thesis, several responses of Arabidopsis to nutrient deficiencies and toxicity were revealed. Although the extreme goal of the study was to improve plant tolerance to nutrient stresses, no novel strategy to attach tolerance to nutrient stresses was identified. Screening of gain-of-function mutants, performed in chapters 5 and 6, was a novel method and I expected to isolate various genes. The failure of the screening indicated incompleteness of the screening and necessity to improve screening systems.Several nutrients are deficient in some or many crop fields. Fertilizers are added to these fields to support crop production. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization can cause enrichment of these elements in environment and each nutrient can threat species richness (Stevens et al. 2004, Wassen et al. 2005). Another point to stress is that some estimations predict depletion of inexpensive phosphorus ores for fertilizer in the world by 2050 (Vance et al. 2003). Improvement of crop uptake and use efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus is an important approach to settle these severe situations.The number of endogenous genes which improve plant tolerance to nutrient deficiency is restricted. This may indicate that Arabidopsis and other plant species evolved nearly fully to adapt to nutrient deficiencies, and not allowing further tolerance attached by modification of endogenous genes. A recent study in our laboratory, on the other hand, indicates difference between ectopic overexpression under the control of 35S promoter and activation through combination of 35S enhancer and native promoter of an endogenous gene. If this is true to that gene, the same phenomenon could be observed in other genes. My recent trial also supported this phenomenon. Although further confirmations are necessary, these results indicate that tolerance to nutrient deficiency is attached to plants only by activating functionally identified endogenous genes. This may be an important trial for sustainable agriculture.After identification of genes which improve plant tolerance to nutrient deficiency, can we modify crops without transgenes? We can find an example in which bread wheat was reverse-genetically improved without transgenes by TILLING (Slade et al. 2005). Although mutation is randomly inserted in TILLING and most mutations are restricted to C to T or G to A transitions consistent with guanine alkylation (Colbert et al. 2001, Slade et al. 2005), sequential TILLING and backcrossing may enable modification of promoter sequences or modification of codon usage through accumulation of silent mutations in favor of major codons, for activation of gene expressions. Or alternatively, some transposons enhance expressions of nearby genes or may shut down the spreading of heterochromatins along chromosome from original target sites of transcriptional gene silencing onto the target genes. For application of basic knowledge in plant genetics to improvement of crop tolerance to nutrient deficiency, I find several very challenging but not impossible studies, which should be performed to save our future.","subitem_description_type":"Abstract"}]},"item_7_dissertation_number_26":{"attribute_name":"学位授与番号","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_dissertationnumber":"甲23566"}]},"item_7_full_name_3":{"attribute_name":"著者別名","attribute_value_mlt":[{"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"9818","nameIdentifierScheme":"WEKO"}],"names":[{"name":"カサジマ, イチロウ"}]}]},"item_7_identifier_registration":{"attribute_name":"ID登録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_identifier_reg_text":"10.15083/00004299","subitem_identifier_reg_type":"JaLC"}]},"item_7_select_21":{"attribute_name":"学位","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_select_item":"doctoral"}]},"item_7_subject_13":{"attribute_name":"日本十進分類法","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_subject":"479.722","subitem_subject_scheme":"NDC"}]},"item_7_text_22":{"attribute_name":"学位分野","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_text_value":"Agriculture (農学)"}]},"item_7_text_24":{"attribute_name":"研究科・専攻","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_text_value":"Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences (農学生命科学研究科応用生命工学専攻)"}]},"item_7_text_27":{"attribute_name":"学位記番号","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_text_value":"博農第3270号"}]},"item_7_text_4":{"attribute_name":"著者所属","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_text_value":"東京大学大学院農学生命科学研究科応用生命工学専攻"}]},"item_creator":{"attribute_name":"著者","attribute_type":"creator","attribute_value_mlt":[{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"笠島, 一郎"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"9817","nameIdentifierScheme":"WEKO"}]}]},"item_files":{"attribute_name":"ファイル情報","attribute_type":"file","attribute_value_mlt":[{"accessrole":"open_date","date":[{"dateType":"Available","dateValue":"2017-06-01"}],"displaytype":"detail","filename":"K-123566-1.pdf","filesize":[{"value":"5.7 MB"}],"format":"application/pdf","licensetype":"license_note","mimetype":"application/pdf","url":{"label":"K-123566-1.pdf","url":"https://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/record/4308/files/K-123566-1.pdf"},"version_id":"4c774b65-0bc0-45a4-9450-62bafc726e6b"},{"accessrole":"open_date","date":[{"dateType":"Available","dateValue":"2017-06-01"}],"displaytype":"detail","filename":"K-123566-2.pdf","filesize":[{"value":"9.0 MB"}],"format":"application/pdf","licensetype":"license_note","mimetype":"application/pdf","url":{"label":"K-123566-2.pdf","url":"https://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/record/4308/files/K-123566-2.pdf"},"version_id":"58baaa24-e45f-4c74-abd8-c8151dd48542"},{"accessrole":"open_date","date":[{"dateType":"Available","dateValue":"2017-06-01"}],"displaytype":"detail","filename":"K-123566-3.pdf","filesize":[{"value":"4.6 MB"}],"format":"application/pdf","licensetype":"license_note","mimetype":"application/pdf","url":{"label":"K-123566-3.pdf","url":"https://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/record/4308/files/K-123566-3.pdf"},"version_id":"a253fac9-80b6-4218-8ab4-ab9103ac916f"}]},"item_language":{"attribute_name":"言語","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_language":"eng"}]},"item_resource_type":{"attribute_name":"資源タイプ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"resourcetype":"thesis","resourceuri":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_46ec"}]},"item_title":"シロイヌナズナの栄養ストレス適応の分子機構","item_titles":{"attribute_name":"タイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_title":"シロイヌナズナの栄養ストレス適応の分子機構"}]},"item_type_id":"7","owner":"1","path":["280","285"],"pubdate":{"attribute_name":"公開日","attribute_value":"2013-01-16"},"publish_date":"2013-01-16","publish_status":"0","recid":"4308","relation_version_is_last":true,"title":["シロイヌナズナの栄養ストレス適応の分子機構"],"weko_creator_id":"1","weko_shared_id":null},"updated":"2022-12-19T03:46:05.393505+00:00"}