{"created":"2021-03-01T06:22:12.673086+00:00","id":5513,"links":{},"metadata":{"_buckets":{"deposit":"caa5c423-b35f-450d-8007-beb89e2026d2"},"_deposit":{"id":"5513","owners":[],"pid":{"revision_id":0,"type":"depid","value":"5513"},"status":"published"},"_oai":{"id":"oai:repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp:00005513","sets":["27:28:370","9:233:280"]},"item_7_alternative_title_1":{"attribute_name":"その他のタイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_alternative_title":"中国天津市における持続的都市圏形成に向けた食料フローと農業ランドスケープの変化に関する研究"}]},"item_7_biblio_info_7":{"attribute_name":"書誌情報","attribute_value_mlt":[{"bibliographicIssueDates":{"bibliographicIssueDate":"2011-09-27","bibliographicIssueDateType":"Issued"},"bibliographic_titles":[{}]}]},"item_7_date_granted_25":{"attribute_name":"学位授与年月日","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_dategranted":"2011-09-27"}]},"item_7_degree_grantor_23":{"attribute_name":"学位授与機関","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_degreegrantor":[{"subitem_degreegrantor_name":"University of Tokyo (東京大学)"}]}]},"item_7_degree_name_20":{"attribute_name":"学位名","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_degreename":"博士(農学)"}]},"item_7_description_5":{"attribute_name":"抄録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"No matter where it is, cities must find a way to grow sustainably. Food security should not be ignored when assessing the future of our cities. Food for cities will either have to be sourced from remote locations, or they will have to incorporate their own food-production. However, it is criticized that transportation of food from remote areas contributes to a variety of environmental impacts, e.g. increased use of energy, CO2 emission. It is approved that an increase in food self-sufficiency rate can be an effective option to increase food security and reduce CO2 emission. Recently, localized food production-consumption system strategies have received considerable attention in Europe, North America and Japan as a means of improving sustainability. A scientific question is how cities and the land areas needed to feed them scale in relation to city population density. Agricultural activities in the city play a vital role in provision the food, e.g. urban/peri-urban agriculture. But their products are still not enough for city need. The concept of 'city region'is necessary to consider 'sustainable city'because it integrates city and its hinterland where exist huge agricultural areas. Chinese city based on administrative boundary is an exact example of 'city region'which includes urban, suburban, and rural areas. Most Asian megacity regions are located in rich alluvial deltas that have long served as the \"rice-baskets\" of their respective regions. The largest Asian megacity regions are in China because of large boundary, so Chinese megacity regions make a vital contribution to Asian (and global) social and economic sustainable development. Among the Chinese megacity regions, Tianjin not only has a large territory, but a relevant large portion of agricultural areas. So the aim of this study is taken Tianjin city region as an example, to search for the 'sustainable city region'from the view point of food production. It hypnotizes that Tianjin city region will highly depend upon the local for its food provision generated from suburban and rural. Food self-sufficiency (SSR) and land areas are two indicators of localization of food production in city region. The study was carried out in China's national capital region, Tianjin, which is in the northeast part of the North China Plain and located on a low-lying alluvial plain along the mouth of the Hai River (38°34'N-40°15'N and 116°43'E-118°04'E). This area has not only experienced rapid industrialization and urbanization (including the famous Jing-Jin-Tang Industrial Belt), but it also has played a pioneering role as an urban development model for other Chinese cities. The main objectives of the study were (1) to identify the extent to which the region's food consumption depends on local production (Chapter 2); (2) to examine spatial-temporal and functional changes from 1993 to 2009 in terms of agricultural land use and food production in both suburban and rural areas of the city (Chapter 3); and (3) to explore whether the dependence of local consumption on local production could be improved based on the current trend of agricultural land use changes, in particular changes in paddy fields (Chapter 4). Furthermore, suggestions for how to promote a sustainable city region in Asia are discussed in Chapter 5. The main approaches were food flow analysis, landscape analysis by satellite image interpretation, and semi-structured and key informant interviews with local people. Chapter 2 examines the calculated food self-sufficiency ratio (CSSR) and observed food flow in Tianjin, divided into three areas (urban, suburban, and rural), as a case study to gain a better understanding of the extent to which a region's food consumption depends on its local production. The main objectives were to estimate the self-sufficiency within its administrative boundary by calculating a self-sufficiency ratio by the formula which is commonly used in China using statistical data at both the city region and local scales, to explore food flow at the regional scale from the information provided by local government authorities, and to observe real flows of the two primary types of arable crops (cereals and vegetables) from semi-structured household interviews at the local scale. The results show that Tianjin has experienced a rapid increase in CSSR since the 1980s, and it appears to have the capacity to support the citizens within its borders. By 2007, the CSSR of major foods were relevant high; cereals were the lowest category which was below 100%. Even with these high ratios, wholesalers, retailers and consumers have chosen to use and exchange products from distant areas, utilizing regional food flow. Local fresh vegetables can meet the demand in peak harvest season, farmers could still export some to other Chinese areas to increase revenue; however in off season, local fresh vegetables accounted for only 30% of the vegetable market because of seasonality, whereas the other 70% is supplied by other regions of China. Government imported around 70% of total cereals consumption, not only for citizens, and also for others, e.g. stock in case of emergency. All cereal products consumed by the urban population are supplied by other regions. At the local scale, rural areas have had a surplus in all food categories studied since the 1980s, and suburban areas have a history of high self-sufficiency for vegetables, poultry, and fish. However, a low degree of locally sourced product flow was observed. Most local cereal crops were consumed in agricultural production areas, but 50% of vegetables produced in rural areas flowed outside of the region and did not support local consumption in Tianjin. Local agricultural production is the main driver of self-sufficiency and food flow. An accurate understanding of changes in land areas and the driving factors, especially the cereals and where the CSSRs changed dramatically, has important implications for the future of localization of food production and policy making. In Chapter 3, Landsat images are used to evaluate agricultural land use changes at the landscape scale in suburban and rural areas in Tianjin from 1993 to 2009, based on two case studies where experienced a dramatic decreasing CSSR of cereals. The main driving factors of the changes were investigated at the farm scale through a survey of local farmers. The image classification results showed an obvious loss of agricultural land since the early 1990s in suburban areas, similar to what has occurred in other peri-urban areas in developing countries. Two other notable trends in land use, which differ from those of other peri-urban areas, were observed: (1) land was converted from the production of traditional perishable food to cereals, in this case, from vegetables to maize; and (2) there was a shift from cereals to non-food production, in this case, from paddy rice and maize to cotton. Areas for cereals production was decreased by 53%. In rural areas, a similar shift from cereals to non-food production was noted during the study period, in this case, from rice and maize to cotton. Two other results, which differ from those of suburban areas, were found: (1) a relatively small amount of land had been converted from the production of cereals to fresh food, in this case, from maize to vegetables; and (2) recently, some land has shifted back from non-food production to the production of cereals, in this case, from cotton to rice. Areas for cereals production was decreased by 60%. Through semi-structured household interviews, a scarcity of water was noted as an important problem for agriculture in Tianjin—this was found to be a primary factor for agricultural land use change both in suburban and rural areas. Beyond the limitation of clean water, suburban farmers had to adjust their agricultural activities by adapting to an insufficient amount of labor and the use of treated wastewater from urban areas for irrigation. Rural farmers'activities, however, were still driven by market mechanisms and government policies. Changes in local production have accounted for the trend of food self-sufficiency levels and contributed to the current regional and local pattern of food flow. Specialized vegetable production in rural areas generated an active flow from the rural areas of Tianjin to other Chinese regions, whereas the decreased production of paddy rice was only able to support consumption in the production areas themselves, so there was no local surplus to flow locally. Rice is the principle staple crop in Tianjin, and any deterioration of rice production systems would seriously impair food security. Increasing land area is one option to solve food deficit. Given some paddy fields in suburban were converted into developed areas, the possible to enlarge the production area for local consumption will be only in rural areas. Chapter 4 conducted a further study in rural areas to explore whether it would be possible to enlarge the production area for local consumption, in this case of paddy rice, to enhance food security and develop a more sustainable urban-rural system. Further understanding of the dynamics of the traditional rice-dominated agriculture area was undertaken both at the county and village level in rural areas through a comparative study of the planting area of recent annual crops, precipitation variability, and water flow. The manner in which the involved stakeholders attempt to cope with and adapt to a constantly changing environment was also determined through semi-structured and key informant interviews. With limited water flow from the outside and in response to recent historic precipitation variability, local people adjusted to both year-to-year variability and extreme events through collective and individual actions in the short term by changing planting areas and switching crops. Annual rainfall and water flow records show that a serious and continuous drought occurred during 1999-2003. The drought compelled farmers to shift paddy fields to field crops, and some irrigation and drainage systems were also destroyed. As they switched to less water-intensive crops (e.g. cotton), the farmers appeared to be making a relatively permanent adaptation to water stress, but in so doing, many have become more vulnerable through worsening pest and disease management and a low level of self-sufficiency. Although most villagers were willing to replant paddy rice, shifting land use back to paddy cropping to adapt to the more recent increased precipitation has not been common because of damaged irrigation and drainage systems and a lack of willingness of community leaders to maintain the systems as they previously did. Only farmers in a few villages, which maintained their properties well and had leaders who seemed aware of the importance of traditional crops, succeeded in switching back to paddy cropping again. Resilience building is important for local agricultural communities to improve the self-sufficiency. The possibility of enlarging the paddy rice production area will most likely be highly dependent on local institutions in initiating and supporting adaptations and participating in collective irrigation regimes. It was suggested that new institutional arrangements including collective irrigation regimes for rice production is necessary in order to establish localization of food production. From this study, in order to apply the localization of food production, the priority should be given to the production of rice which is the principal staple food for security. To improve rice production in Asian city region, it is important to consider both the climate fluctuation and collective irrigation regime. Urban, suburban, and rural linkage need to be re-structuralized, so that food production in suburban and rural can be fully used for urban dwellers closed by. To apply the results of this study, appropriate spatial boundary/size need to be considered to define the city region.","subitem_description_type":"Abstract"},{"subitem_description":"都市の持続可能性を高めるうえで、食料フローのローカライゼーション(地産地消)による域内食料自給率の向上は、食料安全保障の観点のみならず、輸送等にかかるエネルギー・二酸化炭素排出の削減を通じた低炭素社会実現の観点からもきわめて重要である。都市を取りまく農村は、食料供給をはじめとして、さまざまな生態系サービスを都市に対して提供することから、都市の後背地としての農村は都市環境の健全化をはかるうえで重要な役割を果たすことが期待されている。とりわけ、拡大を続けるアジアの大都市においては、周辺農村との食料・資源・エネルギー循環系の再構築を通じた、持続可能な都市圏形成と都市環境の健全化が喫緊の課題となっている。","subitem_description_type":"Abstract"}]},"item_7_dissertation_number_26":{"attribute_name":"学位授与番号","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_dissertationnumber":"甲第27530号"}]},"item_7_full_name_3":{"attribute_name":"著者別名","attribute_value_mlt":[{"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"11484","nameIdentifierScheme":"WEKO"}],"names":[{"name":"周, 丁揚"}]}]},"item_7_identifier_registration":{"attribute_name":"ID登録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_identifier_reg_text":"10.15083/00005504","subitem_identifier_reg_type":"JaLC"}]},"item_7_select_21":{"attribute_name":"学位","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_select_item":"doctoral"}]},"item_7_subject_13":{"attribute_name":"日本十進分類法","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_subject":"612","subitem_subject_scheme":"NDC"}]},"item_7_text_22":{"attribute_name":"学位分野","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_text_value":"Agriculture (農学)"}]},"item_7_text_24":{"attribute_name":"研究科・専攻","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_text_value":"Department of Ecosystem Studies, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences (農学生命科学研究科生圏システム学専攻)"}]},"item_7_text_27":{"attribute_name":"学位記番号","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_text_value":"博農第3727号"}]},"item_7_text_4":{"attribute_name":"著者所属","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_text_value":"東京大学大学院農学生命科学研究科生圏システム学専攻"}]},"item_creator":{"attribute_name":"著者","attribute_type":"creator","attribute_value_mlt":[{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"Zhou, Dingyang"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"11483","nameIdentifierScheme":"WEKO"}]}]},"item_files":{"attribute_name":"ファイル情報","attribute_type":"file","attribute_value_mlt":[{"accessrole":"open_date","date":[{"dateType":"Available","dateValue":"2017-06-01"}],"displaytype":"detail","filename":"39-087407.pdf","filesize":[{"value":"7.9 MB"}],"format":"application/pdf","licensetype":"license_note","mimetype":"application/pdf","url":{"label":"39-087407.pdf","url":"https://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/record/5513/files/39-087407.pdf"},"version_id":"2ef342d3-7ba2-4fd9-af10-3945b1d9066e"}]},"item_language":{"attribute_name":"言語","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_language":"eng"}]},"item_resource_type":{"attribute_name":"資源タイプ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"resourcetype":"thesis","resourceuri":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_46ec"}]},"item_title":"Food flow and agricultural landscape changes towards a sustainable city region in Tianjin, China","item_titles":{"attribute_name":"タイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_title":"Food flow and agricultural landscape changes towards a sustainable city region in Tianjin, China"}]},"item_type_id":"7","owner":"1","path":["280","370"],"pubdate":{"attribute_name":"公開日","attribute_value":"2014-02-24"},"publish_date":"2014-02-24","publish_status":"0","recid":"5513","relation_version_is_last":true,"title":["Food flow and agricultural landscape changes towards a sustainable city region in Tianjin, China"],"weko_creator_id":"1","weko_shared_id":null},"updated":"2022-12-19T03:47:05.049658+00:00"}