{"_buckets": {"deposit": "dd8fac8f-305a-4ce8-9dc3-a57d518eaa51"}, "_deposit": {"id": "37076", "owners": [], "pid": {"revision_id": 0, "type": "depid", "value": "37076"}, "status": "published"}, "_oai": {"id": "oai:repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp:00037076"}, "item_4_alternative_title_1": {"attribute_name": "\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_alternative_title": "The Mah\u0101\u0146irv\u0101natantra\u0027s view of var\u0146as"}]}, "item_4_biblio_info_7": {"attribute_name": "\u66f8\u8a8c\u60c5\u5831", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"bibliographicIssueDates": {"bibliographicIssueDate": "1994-09-30", "bibliographicIssueDateType": "Issued"}, "bibliographicPageEnd": "133", "bibliographicPageStart": "119", "bibliographicVolumeNumber": "2", "bibliographic_titles": [{"bibliographic_title": "\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u54f2\u5b66\u4ecf\u6559\u5b66\u7814\u7a76"}]}]}, "item_4_description_13": {"attribute_name": "\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30c3\u30c8", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_description": "application/pdf", "subitem_description_type": "Other"}]}, "item_4_description_5": {"attribute_name": "\u6284\u9332", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_description": "To what extent and in what way the Dharma\u015b\u0101stric traditions have been retained in the Hindu Tantric literature or replaced with new Tantric ideas such as the concept of equality of all var\u0146as (classes, castes) and of men and women as well as in the kali age, are questions about which not much has been resolved until now. so that our general understanding of the problems should be deepened through detailed examinations of relevant materials. The present paper makes an attempt to find a concrete answer with respect to the Mah\u0101nirv\u0101\u0146atantra (= Mnt), one of the texts considered to belong to the Left-hand \u015a\u0101kta (V\u0101m\u0101c\u0101ra\u015b\u0101kta), and presumably written in the late eighteenth century, by exploring its view of var\u0146as. First of all, it must be noted that in addition to the traditional four - that is, br\u0101hma\u0146a, k\u015fatriya, vai\u015fya and \u015b\u016bdra - the Mnt acknowledges the fifth var\u0146a called s\u0101m\u0101nya for the kali age when humanity is assumed to have been corrupted. Although we are not quite certain what this s\u0101m\u0101nya precisely means, there seem to be good reasons to accept S. J. Voodroffe\u0027s observation that it is the name for the class of people who are born as a result of intermarriage between different var\u0146as and have been excluded from the var\u0146a system by the traditional Dharma\u015b\u0101stras as represented by the Nanusm\u0157ti (= Manu). It is also worth noting in this connection that some regulations, such as the one concerning how long a certain kind of impurity will continue to attach to a person, treat the s\u0101m\u0101nya on equal terms with the \u015b\u016bdra, seeing no serious distinction such as is found in the Manu among the people within and outside the traditional framework of four var\u0146as. Thus the Nnt is obviously opposed to the Dharma\u015b\u0101stras in that the Tantric text, at least insofar as the kali age is concerned, accepts the legality of intermarriage, which would evidently violate the old concept of the var\u0146a system. Furthermore, the Mnt completely denies any discrimination among var\u0146as in the practice of kuladharmas, the only possible means of attaining mok\u015fa (deliverance) in the kali age. The Mnt\u0027s idea that all human beings are eligible for kuladharmas stands in clear contrast with the Manu\u0027s limitation of eligibility for dharmas to the upper three var\u0146as. The Not does not, however, deny the existence of the var\u0146a system itself. For all the absoluteness of kuladharmas in the kali age, the Mnt, at the same time, preaches the observance of the discrimination among var\u0146as with reference to many occasions in daily life. In other words, two kinds of dharmas coexist in the Hat: kuladharmas and the traditional dharmas which the Manu limits to the upper three var\u0146as. Then which dharmas have priority in the Mnt? We can answer this question by saying that knladharmas are praised as the absolute means of attaining mok\u015fa, and that the traditional dharmas are prescribed for the majority of daily and secular life including inheritance, although \u015baiva marriage, in which discrimination among var\u0146as is strictly prohibited, is allowed.", "subitem_description_type": "Abstract"}]}, "item_4_full_name_3": {"attribute_name": "\u8457\u8005\u5225\u540d", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"nameIdentifiers": [{"nameIdentifier": "136200", "nameIdentifierScheme": "WEKO"}], "names": [{"name": "Watanabe, Hiroki"}]}]}, "item_4_publisher_20": {"attribute_name": "\u51fa\u7248\u8005", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_publisher": "\u6771\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u6587\u5b66\u90e8\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u54f2\u5b66\u4ecf\u6559\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4"}]}, "item_4_source_id_10": {"attribute_name": "\u66f8\u8a8c\u30ec\u30b3\u30fc\u30c9ID", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_source_identifier": "AN10419736", "subitem_source_identifier_type": "NCID"}]}, "item_4_source_id_8": {"attribute_name": "ISSN", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_source_identifier": "09197907", "subitem_source_identifier_type": "ISSN"}]}, "item_4_subject_15": {"attribute_name": "\u65e5\u672c\u5341\u9032\u5206\u985e\u6cd5", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_subject": "126", "subitem_subject_scheme": "NDC"}]}, "item_4_text_21": {"attribute_name": "\u51fa\u7248\u8005\u5225\u540d", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_text_value": "Department of Indian Philosophy and Buddhist Studies, Faculty of Letters, University of Tokyo"}]}, "item_4_text_34": {"attribute_name": "\u8cc7\u6e90\u30bf\u30a4\u30d7", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_text_value": "Departmental Bulletin Paper"}]}, "item_4_text_4": {"attribute_name": "\u8457\u8005\u6240\u5c5e", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_text_value": "\u6771\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u5927\u5b66\u9662"}]}, "item_creator": {"attribute_name": "\u8457\u8005", "attribute_type": "creator", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"creatorNames": [{"creatorName": "\u6e21\u8fba, \u6d69\u5e0c"}], "nameIdentifiers": [{"nameIdentifier": "136199", "nameIdentifierScheme": "WEKO"}]}]}, "item_files": {"attribute_name": "\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30eb\u60c5\u5831", "attribute_type": "file", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"accessrole": "open_date", "date": [{"dateType": "Available", "dateValue": "2017-06-27"}], "displaytype": "detail", "download_preview_message": "", "file_order": 0, "filename": "ib002008.pdf", "filesize": [{"value": "859.0 kB"}], "format": "application/pdf", "future_date_message": "", "is_thumbnail": false, "licensetype": "license_free", "mimetype": "application/pdf", "size": 859000.0, "url": {"label": "ib002008.pdf", "url": "https://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/record/37076/files/ib002008.pdf"}, "version_id": "c4880c70-f1d6-440b-ac98-add6f5c70183"}]}, "item_language": {"attribute_name": "\u8a00\u8a9e", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_language": "jpn"}]}, "item_resource_type": {"attribute_name": "\u8cc7\u6e90\u30bf\u30a4\u30d7", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"resourcetype": "departmental bulletin paper", "resourceuri": "http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}]}, "item_title": "Mah\u0101nirv\u0101\u0146atantra\u306evar\u0146a\u89b3", "item_titles": {"attribute_name": "\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_title": "Mah\u0101nirv\u0101\u0146atantra\u306evar\u0146a\u89b3"}]}, "item_type_id": "4", "owner": "1", "path": ["9/504/5734/5775", "23/195/5732/5774"], "permalink_uri": "http://hdl.handle.net/2261/6511", "pubdate": {"attribute_name": "\u516c\u958b\u65e5", "attribute_value": "2011-06-30"}, "publish_date": "2011-06-30", "publish_status": "0", "recid": "37076", "relation": {}, "relation_version_is_last": true, "title": ["Mah\u0101nirv\u0101\u0146atantra\u306evar\u0146a\u89b3"], "weko_shared_id": null}