{"_buckets": {"deposit": "ec64c24a-71bc-40b2-94ec-d03685b6d24f"}, "_deposit": {"id": "41688", "owners": [], "pid": {"revision_id": 0, "type": "depid", "value": "41688"}, "status": "published"}, "_oai": {"id": "oai:repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp:00041688"}, "item_4_alternative_title_1": {"attribute_name": "\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_alternative_title": "Death and the Martyr Cult in Emperor Julian\u0027s Religious Thought"}]}, "item_4_biblio_info_7": {"attribute_name": "\u66f8\u8a8c\u60c5\u5831", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"bibliographicIssueDates": {"bibliographicIssueDate": "2012-03-15", "bibliographicIssueDateType": "Issued"}, "bibliographicIssueNumber": "1", "bibliographicPageEnd": "255(90)", "bibliographicPageStart": "230(115)", "bibliographicVolumeNumber": "17", "bibliographic_titles": [{"bibliographic_title": "\u6b7b\u751f\u5b66\u7814\u7a76"}]}]}, "item_4_description_5": {"attribute_name": "\u6284\u9332", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_description": "This paper examines the explication on the death, the rituals of the dead, and the martyr cults in the religious thought of Roman Emperor Julian \"The Apostate\" (331/2-363, reign 361-363). Julian\u0027s Edict on Funerals (Julianus Ep. 136a=Codex Theodosianus 9. 17. 5; Codex Justinianus 9. 19. 5; in Latin, issued on 12, Feb. 363) and its supplement (Julianus, Ep. 136b, in Greek) shows his idea on the death and the ritual defilement caused by the rituals of the dead. Also he made severe criticism on the martyr cults as the worship for the defiled corps in Contra Galilaeos (Against Galilaeans), written in 362/3 winter as an invective for Christianity and its followers. In this edict and its supplement, Julian shows large interest on the effect of defilement caused by the rituals of dead. Ep. 136a (Codex Theodosianus 9. 17. 5=Codex Justinianus 9. 19. 5) banned violation of tombs, exposition of ritual lament (exsequia, nenia) in the public space of cities, and funeral procession inside cities during daytime. In general, Greco-Roman cities had tombs and graveyards outside of city wall. They were recognised as legally sanctioned inviolable spaces where the eternal rest of the dead were secured. Romans believed that tombs and graveyards were protected under the presence of ancestral ghost (di Manes). In the late antiquity, violated tombs and ruined temples became as the sources of spolia (used materials) that were recognized as suitable materials for decoration of public and private buildings. Julian banned vandalism on tombs and graveyards as \u0027the violation of eternal rest of the dead\u0027, and alerted that vandalism could become the target of \u0027the vengeance of the ancestral ghosts\u0027. Then he banned ritual lament in public space and daytime funeral procession as the cause of ritual defilement of the death that could contaminate the space for the living people. Ep. 136b is the exegesis on Ep. 136a, that is based on Neoplatonist ritual theory and moral theology after Iamblichus (c. 245-c. 325), De Mysteriis. Here Julian stated the death as the eternal rest that people could finally reach after their virtuous life in this visible world. He suggested people to live a virtuous life imitating and communicating with the gods of the daytime and of the livings (i.e. Olympian Gods) and of the night and the dead (i.e. the Gods of the Underworld) and The One the bringer of the culture and the protecting gods of this visible world. He recognised the rituals of dead as the concern of the living people, not of the dead. His explanation is as below: when the souls of the dead depart from their body to the The One, their interest to the visible world should be lost; on the other hand, shrines, temples and statues were the dwelling of the invisible gods descending from The One; thus daytime funeral procession and ritual lament could expose public spaces and the dwellings of the daytime Gods to ritual defilement of the death; hence, the ritual defilement of the death must be avoided for Olympian Gods who dislikes it that could contaminate their blissful realm. In Contra Galilaeos, Julian admitted that Christians also could commemorate their ritual of the dead. On the other hand he stated the martyr cults as \u0027corpse-worship\u0027invented outside of Biblical imagination: he appreciated Isaiah and Jesus because they had originally rejected the ritual defilement of corps. However Julian denied the holiness of the life of Jesus, the martyrs and their worshippers as rebellious to the Empire and its \u0027worldly\u0027laws, which he stated as the benevolent gifts this visible world brought by The One and the descending gods. Moreover, he criticised the violence of Christians towards their adversary co-religionists and the religious groups outside of them. Julian recognised \u0027the corpse-worship\u0027and the violence as the double visible defilement of Christians, that had adequate reasons to be rejected. Julian could not have any empathy to the reason why his contemporary Christians adored their heroic precursors that inspired them with sense of visible and sensible holiness. Julian would not regulate his \u0027adequate\u0027ways of ritual of the dead in detail. Every religious sects and ethnic groups could observe their conventional way of ritual of the dead, if it would not cause the defilement of the death in the realm of the livings. His consciousness on the ritual defilement is under the influence of the conventional Helleno-Roman notion of death, at the same time his view on the life and the death was derived from Iamblichan moral theology: humans should live in this visible world among fellow citizens (cosmopolites) communicating with gods by everyday prayer and contemplation, aspiring the ascent of soul as salvation and the peaceful death as the eternal rest that no one could violate. Most concern of Julian\u0027s moral theology was how people could live the blessed life without defilement in this material world. Thus the ritual of the dead could be also recognised as one of the important means to communication with the Gods of Underworld who protect the realm of the dead, where everyone goes after the end of their life. Julian had less interest to the sense of sensible holiness that could be inspired by the real presence of existing or ever existed holy people, and seems to have rigoristic sense to reject the feeling of compassion to the exposition of ritual lament to share people in the sorrow of deprivation of significant other(s) in public.", "subitem_description_type": "Abstract"}]}, "item_4_full_name_3": {"attribute_name": "\u8457\u8005\u5225\u540d", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"nameIdentifiers": [{"nameIdentifier": "95534", "nameIdentifierScheme": "WEKO"}], "names": [{"name": "Nakanishi, Kyoko"}]}]}, "item_4_publisher_20": {"attribute_name": "\u51fa\u7248\u8005", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_publisher": "\u6771\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u5927\u5b66\u9662\u4eba\u6587\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7814\u7a76\u79d1\u30b0\u30ed\u30fc\u30d0\u30ebCOE\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u300c\u6b7b\u751f\u5b66\u306e\u5c55\u958b\u3068\u7d44\u7e54\u5316\u300d"}]}, "item_4_relation_9": {"attribute_name": "ISBN", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_relation_type_id": {"subitem_relation_type_id_text": "9784925210218", "subitem_relation_type_select": "ISBN"}}]}, "item_4_source_id_10": {"attribute_name": "\u66f8\u8a8c\u30ec\u30b3\u30fc\u30c9ID", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_source_identifier": "AA11838867", "subitem_source_identifier_type": "NCID"}]}, "item_4_source_id_8": {"attribute_name": "ISSN", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_source_identifier": "18826024", "subitem_source_identifier_type": "ISSN"}]}, "item_4_subject_15": {"attribute_name": "\u65e5\u672c\u5341\u9032\u5206\u985e\u6cd5", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_subject": "105", "subitem_subject_scheme": "NDC"}]}, "item_4_text_21": {"attribute_name": "\u51fa\u7248\u8005\u5225\u540d", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_text_value": "Global COE Program Development and Systematization of Death and Life Studies"}]}, "item_4_text_34": {"attribute_name": "\u8cc7\u6e90\u30bf\u30a4\u30d7", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_text_value": "Departmental Bulletin Paper"}]}, "item_4_text_4": {"attribute_name": "\u8457\u8005\u6240\u5c5e", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_text_value": "\u660e\u6cbb\u5b66\u9662\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u990a\u6559\u80b2\u30bb\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc"}, {"subitem_text_value": "\u6e05\u6cc9\u5973\u5b50\u5927\u5b66"}]}, "item_creator": {"attribute_name": "\u8457\u8005", "attribute_type": "creator", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"creatorNames": [{"creatorName": "\u4e2d\u897f, \u606d\u5b50"}], "nameIdentifiers": [{"nameIdentifier": "95533", "nameIdentifierScheme": "WEKO"}]}]}, "item_files": {"attribute_name": "\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30eb\u60c5\u5831", "attribute_type": "file", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"accessrole": "open_date", "date": [{"dateType": "Available", "dateValue": "2017-06-16"}], "displaytype": "detail", "download_preview_message": "", "file_order": 0, "filename": "da017011.pdf", "filesize": [{"value": "1.4 MB"}], "format": "application/pdf", "future_date_message": "", "is_thumbnail": false, "licensetype": "license_free", "mimetype": "application/pdf", "size": 1400000.0, "url": {"label": "da017011.pdf", "url": "https://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/record/41688/files/da017011.pdf"}, "version_id": "4c751c27-c43a-43d0-b16d-7a137a2ed8b9"}]}, "item_language": {"attribute_name": "\u8a00\u8a9e", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_language": "jpn"}]}, "item_resource_type": {"attribute_name": "\u8cc7\u6e90\u30bf\u30a4\u30d7", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"resourcetype": "departmental bulletin paper", "resourceuri": "http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}]}, "item_title": "\u30e6\u30ea\u30a2\u30cc\u30b9\u306e\u6b7b\u751f\u89b3\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u300c\u6b7b\u8005\u306e\u3044\u308b\u7a7a\u9593\u300d\u3068\u6b89\u6559\u8005\u5d07\u656c", "item_titles": {"attribute_name": "\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_title": "\u30e6\u30ea\u30a2\u30cc\u30b9\u306e\u6b7b\u751f\u89b3\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u300c\u6b7b\u8005\u306e\u3044\u308b\u7a7a\u9593\u300d\u3068\u6b89\u6559\u8005\u5d07\u656c"}]}, "item_type_id": "4", "owner": "1", "path": ["9/7373/7374", "23/7378/7379/7878/7887"], "permalink_uri": "http://hdl.handle.net/2261/51542", "pubdate": {"attribute_name": "\u516c\u958b\u65e5", "attribute_value": "2012-05-16"}, "publish_date": "2012-05-16", "publish_status": "0", "recid": "41688", "relation": {}, "relation_version_is_last": true, "title": ["\u30e6\u30ea\u30a2\u30cc\u30b9\u306e\u6b7b\u751f\u89b3\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u300c\u6b7b\u8005\u306e\u3044\u308b\u7a7a\u9593\u300d\u3068\u6b89\u6559\u8005\u5d07\u656c"], "weko_shared_id": 2}