{"_buckets": {"deposit": "e36acd7e-5e02-44d0-adbe-050e9253c14c"}, "_deposit": {"id": "37269", "owners": [], "pid": {"revision_id": 0, "type": "depid", "value": "37269"}, "status": "published"}, "_oai": {"id": "oai:repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp:00037269"}, "item_4_alternative_title_1": {"attribute_name": "\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_alternative_title": "Human Nature in Mark Twain\u0027s What is Man? and William Dean Howells\u0027s The Traveler from Altruria"}]}, "item_4_biblio_info_7": {"attribute_name": "\u66f8\u8a8c\u60c5\u5831", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"bibliographicIssueDates": {"bibliographicIssueDate": "2004-03", "bibliographicIssueDateType": "Issued"}, "bibliographicPageEnd": "110", "bibliographicPageStart": "95", "bibliographicVolumeNumber": "4", "bibliographic_titles": [{"bibliographic_title": "\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u7814\u7a76 = Pacific and American studies"}]}]}, "item_4_description_13": {"attribute_name": "\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30c3\u30c8", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_description": "application/pdf", "subitem_description_type": "Other"}]}, "item_4_description_5": {"attribute_name": "\u6284\u9332", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_description": "In this essay, I read Mark Twain\u0027s What is Man? and William Dean Howells\u0027s The Traveler from Altruria in a mutually illuminating manner. The former being written in the form of a pseudo-philosophical polemic and the latter in the form of a utopian novel, they both represent generic aberrations in the literary careers of the two major realist writers who together helped launch American literary realism in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. From the l890s onward, the two aging novelists were increasingly veering away from literary realism, upon which they had built their reputation and financial success, and this process of radicalization found its clearest expression in What Is Man? and The Traveler from Altruria. In What is Man?, borrowing from social sciences and moral philosophy discourses on \"\"human nature\"\" then prevalent in Western cultures, Mark Twain adopts a Darwinian/utilitarian view of human beings as amoral machines that always calculate maximization of self-interest and seek the mastery over others. This crude caricature of what constitutes \"\"human nature\"\" is mirrored and counterbalanced by an altruistic portraiture of humankind which William Dean Howells presents in his utopian novel. Diametrically opposed to Twain\u0027s extreme pessimism is Howells\u0027s unrealistically rosy theory that cooperation and self-sacrifice are innate components of human instinct. I suggest that these two grotesquely distorted theories on society and human nature not be taken at their face value. They are symptomatic expressions of the two novelists\u0027deeply subjective assessment that their projects of literary realism proved a failure, this sense of disillusionment being compounded by their ever-alert social consciousness that fin-de-siecle American society, as characterized by nascent consumerism, class polarization, and rapid urbanization, required a correspondingly new form of literary realism, something that they knew they could neither reinvent nor participate in.", "subitem_description_type": "Abstract"}]}, "item_4_full_name_3": {"attribute_name": "\u8457\u8005\u5225\u540d", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"nameIdentifiers": [{"nameIdentifier": "136359", "nameIdentifierScheme": "WEKO"}], "names": [{"name": "Takayoshi, Ichiro"}]}]}, "item_4_identifier_registration": {"attribute_name": "ID\u767b\u9332", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_identifier_reg_text": "10.15083/00037260", "subitem_identifier_reg_type": "JaLC"}]}, "item_4_publisher_20": {"attribute_name": 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